Records

This document is a call for evidence issued by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to support the National Commission into the Regulation of AI in Healthcare. It invites input from the public, industry, healthcare professionals, and regulators to shape future regulatory frameworks for AI health technologies in the UK. The document outlines current uses of AI in healthcare, existing medical device and data protection regulations, and specific questions regarding safety, performance, liability, and post-market surveillance.

This narrative review examines the trends, benefits, and challenges of pediatric robotic surgery, noting advantages such as 3D visualization and precise tremor control alongside hurdles like high costs and size constraints. It discusses current clinical applications across urological, thoracic, and gastrointestinal procedures, while addressing ethical implications related to healthcare equity and access. Emerging innovations such as telesurgery and augmented reality are also highlighted as future directions for the field.

This policy provides a framework to enable the accelerated and sustainable adoption of artificial intelligence by Australian government agencies while ensuring high ethical and safety standards. It establishes mandatory requirements for agencies covering strategy and oversight, preparedness and operations, and AI use case impact assessments. The policy aims to position government as an exemplar in responsible AI use by promoting transparency, accountability, and risk-based management.

This academic research study investigates the problem of establishing civil liability for harmful effects caused by smart robots, focusing on the legal nature of autonomous systems within Jordanian and French legislation. The authors analyze whether smart robots can be classified as objects requiring custody or as defective products under current consumer protection and civil liability frameworks. The paper concludes that existing legal systems are inadequate for addressing the autonomous and unpredictable nature of smart robots, highlighting the need to develop modern legislation and specialized insurance or liability models.

This executive order establishes a national policy framework aimed at preventing inconsistent state-level artificial intelligence regulations and maintaining United States global AI dominance. It directs the Department of Justice to create an AI Litigation Task Force to challenge state AI laws that unconstitutionally regulate interstate commerce or conflict with federal policy. Furthermore, it tasks the Department of Commerce, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Federal Trade Commission with evaluating state laws, restricting certain federal funding for non-compliant states, and developing preemption standards.

This legislation establishes the legal framework for artificial intelligence in Vietnam. Issued by the National Assembly, it sets rules and regulations governing AI technologies within the country. The law is scheduled to take effect on March 1, 2026.

This law establishes the legal framework for research, development, provision, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence systems in Vietnam. It classifies AI systems by risk level, sets out transparency and risk management obligations, and outlines state policies for infrastructure development, national sovereignty, and the promotion of a trustworthy AI ecosystem.

This academic journal article examines the legal, regulatory, and socio-economic challenges of artificial intelligence adoption in Nigeria. It evaluates existing statutory frameworks such as the Nigeria Data Protection Act 2023, the Cybercrimes Act, and the Copyright Act to determine their adequacy for governing AI. Finally, the study highlights regulatory gaps, algorithmic bias, infrastructure deficits, and employment threats, proposing comprehensive legislative and policy reforms to achieve sustainable AI governance.

UNESCO's Guidelines for the Use of AI in Courts and Tribunals present the first global ethical and operational framework to ensure that AI serves justice while upholding the rule of law and fundamental rights. Built around fifteen universal principles, the guidelines provide practical orientation for judges, court administrators, and policymakers exploring AI adoption as an assistive tool under meaningful human supervision. The publication draws on consultations with experts from over 160 countries, engaging more than 36,000 judicial actors, and is complemented by a capacity-building toolkit.

This document is a positive committee report and proposed bill (Proyecto de Ley No. 043 de 2025) seeking to regulate artificial intelligence in Colombia. It establishes a risk-based regulatory framework, governance structures led by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, transparency and accountability mechanisms, and provisions for education, labor transition, and research. The initiative aims to balance ethical safeguards and fundamental rights protection with the promotion of technological innovation and economic competitiveness.

The National AI Plan is the Australian Government's strategy to grow the domestic AI industry, build an AI-enabled economy, and ensure widespread benefits across communities. It outlines three main goals: capturing opportunities through infrastructure and investment, spreading benefits via adoption and workforce training, and keeping Australians safe with regulatory frameworks that mitigate AI harms. The plan was published on 2 December 2025 by the Department of Industry, Science and Resources.

This report presents the UK AI Security Institute's first public analysis of frontier AI capability trends observed across cyber, chemistry, biology, and autonomy domains since November 2023. It provides data-driven insights into rapid capability growth, including the emergence of autonomous agents and reasoning models, alongside ongoing challenges in model safeguards and loss-of-control risks. The findings highlight that while AI performance is scaling rapidly, vulnerabilities and dual-use risks persist across both open-source and proprietary systems.

This data article presents a dataset collected through a six-round Delphi study to identify design characteristics for a responsible community robot, using a waterway monitoring robot as a case study. The study engaged twenty multidisciplinary panelists who contributed ideas that were distilled into 111 voting statements and rated from essential to unnecessary. The published dataset includes raw questionnaires, demographic data, intermediate study analyses, and supporting materials like transcripts and codebooks. This resource aims to support researchers, roboticists, and community groups investigating responsible robotics and stakeholder-engaged design.

This academic research paper examines the legal and judicial challenges surrounding criminal liability for offenses committed by autonomous robots and artificial intelligence systems. It analyzes the inadequacies of traditional legal norms based on human mens rea and actus reus, and explores the potential development of new liability models, joint responsibility, and electronic personhood. Ultimately, the study advocates for a comprehensive reconstruction of criminological and legal perspectives to address emerging technological crimes.

This interim report by the CARICOM CTU's Caribbean AI Taskforce outlines preliminary recommendations for harmonizing AI policies and governance across the Caribbean. It addresses the region's vulnerabilities, connectivity paradox, and data sovereignty concerns, while proposing five areas of action spanning governance, infrastructure, sector innovation, human capacity, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. The report serves as a starting point for regional consultations leading to a final report and forum in 2026.

This interim report by the CTU Caribbean AI Task Force outlines strategic priorities and preliminary recommendations for a harmonized regional AI framework across CARICOM member states. It addresses critical regional challenges such as the connectivity paradox, data sovereignty, infrastructure gaps, and talent drain while establishing core guiding principles for human-centric, ethical, and inclusive AI development. The document serves as a foundation for broader regional consultations leading up to a final report and Caribbean AI Forum in 2026.

The Republic of Ghana National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025-2035 is a comprehensive roadmap designed to position Ghana as a regional and continental leader in artificial intelligence. Built upon eight essential pillars, the strategy addresses education, youth empowerment, digital infrastructure, data governance, community coordination, sectoral adoption, applied research, and public sector adoption. It seeks to harness AI for sustainable and inclusive growth while establishing a Responsible AI Authority to oversee ethical deployment and implementation.

This empirical study investigates how long-term collaboration with a robotic versus a human advisor influences the moral judgment of 62 military cadets in a high-stakes tactical simulation. Participants engaged in a three-month teaming program with a Socially Intelligent and Ethical Mission Assistant (SIEMA) and subsequently completed a graded moral dilemma requiring trade-offs between soldier and civilian lives. The findings demonstrate that robotic advisors can effectively influence nuanced moral decisions, with about half of the cadets shifting toward utilitarian options after receiving advice, while also triggering a subsequent moral rebound when presented with opposing deontological recommendations.

These guidelines issued by the European Commission clarify the scope of obligations for providers of general-purpose AI (GPAI) models under Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act). They detail criteria for classifying GPAI models and models with systemic risk, rules on model lifecycles, and exceptions for open-source releases. Furthermore, the document outlines enforcement mechanisms and compliance expectations following the entry into application of Chapter V of the AI Act on August 2, 2025.

This working paper examines the integration of artificial intelligence into human resource management across four core functions: recruitment, compensation, scheduling, and performance management. It introduces a three-parameter framework assessing AI systems based on their objectives, data, and programming, arguing that reductive metrics and opaque algorithms pose risks to workers and firms. The authors contend that an uncritical reliance on empiricism overlooks the limits of capturing complex human behaviour through data.

This research study evaluates the effectiveness of two socially assistive robot (SAR) emotional support strategies—internal emotion regulation via guided breathing and external emotion regulation via motivational speech and hugging—during children's group vaccination days. Analyzing responses from 225 children aged 8 to 12, the study found that active participation in SAR interventions significantly reduced fear and anxiety while enhancing trust and willingness to re-engage, particularly among girls. The findings suggest that active engagement is a key mechanism for optimizing robotic emotional support in pediatric healthcare settings.

The India AI Governance Guidelines establish a comprehensive framework designed to balance artificial intelligence innovation with accountability and safety, aligning with the national goal of Viksit Bharat by 2047. The guidelines are organized into four parts: core principles or sutras, key issues and recommendations across six pillars, an actionable implementation plan, and practical guidance for industry actors and regulators. Through a techno-legal approach that leverages Digital Public Infrastructure, the framework seeks to foster inclusive development while mitigating risks such as algorithmic bias, deepfakes, and loss of control.

This academic article examines the ethical implications and regulatory challenges posed by robot lawyers and artificial intelligence in legal practice. It uses normative legal research to evaluate the adequacy of current legal professional standards regarding competence, confidentiality, independence, and accountability. The study highlights significant regulatory gaps in Indonesia and proposes a conceptual framework for the ethical governance of AI in the legal profession.

This academic paper presents a comprehensive revision and formalization of Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics to serve as a rigorous, auditable AI safety and alignment architecture. By introducing explicit definitions of harm, consent, and operational priorities, the author translates narrative safety rules into formal logical expressions and decision policies. The resulting framework frames AI alignment as normative containment rather than behavioural suppression, bounded by a quantifiable duty not to harm.

This academic journal article and study examines the criminal liability of artificial intelligence devices and robots under current and proposed legal frameworks. It analyzes whether robots can possess legal personality, awareness, or free will, and evaluates the applicability of traditional criminal law concepts and penalties. The paper concludes with a proposed draft law on crimes committed by robots, detailing liability rules for manufacturers, users, hackers, and robots themselves.

This paper presents a methodology integrating trustworthy artificial intelligence with an energy-efficient robotic arm for waste sorting. Using a convolutional neural network enhanced by transfer learning with MobileNetV2, the system classifies waste into six categories with a training accuracy of 99.8% and validation accuracy of 80.5%. Additionally, a robotic arm simulation calculates the energy cost for each action using Euclidean distance to achieve optimal, efficient movement.

The Policy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Poland until 2030 outlines Poland's strategic roadmap to become a leader in the European AI Continent. It establishes comprehensive actions across five key areas: building a robust AI ecosystem and compute infrastructure, streamlining public administration and critical infrastructure, driving business adoption in key sectors, fostering human-centric trustworthy AI, and aligning with European Union frameworks like the AI Act. The strategy sets measurable targets for 2030, including increased adoption of AI in SMEs, integration of open-source models like PLLuM into public services, enhanced digital competencies, and top-tier rankings in global AI indexes.

This article examines the ethical challenges surrounding AI-based humanoid carebots, focusing particularly on autonomy and deception. It evaluates existing ethical frameworks including AI ethics, roboethics, bioethics, and the ethics of care, concluding that none adequately address the unique issues of techno-care. To bridge this gap, the author proposes a new normative framework called the ethics of techno-care (EtC) to guide the ethical design, development, and implementation of carebots.

This document provides practical mitigation measures and security controls for agentic artificial intelligence systems. Published as a draft addendum for public consultation by the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore, it builds upon foundational AI security principles by addressing risks across the development lifecycle, system workflows, and agent capabilities.

This document outlines how existing Australian laws of general application apply to the deployment and use of artificial intelligence systems. It provides an overview of various legal obligations concerning security, misleading outputs, harmful outputs, data misuse, bias, and accessibility. The guidance clarifies that the voluntary AI safety standard and its guardrails do not create new legal obligations, but rather help organizations navigate current laws and regulations.

This academic study examines the legal nature of industrial robots and artificial intelligence systems, discussing whether they can be granted legal personality. It analyzes various types of industrial robots, associated intelligent systems, and comparative legislative approaches to liability. Ultimately, the study recommends establishing specialized regulatory bodies and clear legal frameworks that hold human operators or owners accountable while providing restricted legal recognition for machines.

Assembly Bill No. 316 adds Section 1714.46 to the California Civil Code, prohibiting defendants who develop, modify, or use artificial intelligence from asserting that the AI autonomously caused harm to a plaintiff as a legal defense. The legislation provides a formal definition of artificial intelligence and clarifies that defendants remain permitted to present other affirmative defenses, evidence regarding causation or foreseeability, or evidence of comparative fault.

This California legislation makes existing laws prohibiting the unauthorized use of health care professional titles, terms, letters, or phrases enforceable against entities that develop or deploy AI or generative AI systems. It prohibits AI systems from using terms in their advertising or functionality that falsely imply care, advice, reports, or assessments are being provided by a licensed natural person. Each use of a prohibited term is punishable as a separate violation under the jurisdiction of the appropriate health care professional licensing board.

This California statute mandates that law enforcement agencies maintain policies requiring official reports generated fully or partially using artificial intelligence to include explicit disclosure statements and the verifying signature of the officer. Agencies must retain the AI-generated first draft for as long as the official report is kept, maintain a comprehensive audit trail identifying the user and source media, and prohibit contracted vendors from selling or sharing agency data.

This Upper Tribunal decision addresses an appeal by the Information Commissioner against a First-tier Tribunal ruling concerning the ICO's jurisdiction to issue an enforcement notice and monetary penalty notice to Clearview AI Inc. The Tribunal evaluates the proper interpretation of material and territorial scope provisions under the GDPR and UK GDPR regarding the processing of personal data by a non-UK based company utilizing facial recognition technology. Ultimately, the Tribunal concluded that Clearview's processing fell within both the material and territorial scope of the GDPRs, setting aside the lower tribunal's decision and remitting the case for a substantive hearing.

This academic paper examines the ethical and identity challenges surrounding the deployment of nursing robots for home-based elderly care under China's Confucian filial piety framework. It investigates the dual identity of care robots—intrinsic self-identification and extrinsic social identity—and proposes a three-pronged approach based on technological moderation, intergenerational shared responsibilities, and cultural adaptability to harmonize tool rationality with humanistic ideals.

This paper examines how human blame practices in human-robot interaction (HRI) intersect with power dynamics, social identities, and gender stereotypes. The authors argue that conventional blame attribution fails to account for structural injustices, and that gendering robots risks reinforcing discriminatory norms that carry over into human-human interactions. They suggest embracing constructive disruptions and moving away from anthropomorphized designs to address these shortcomings.

This study explores how the Artificial Intelligence Act relates to other crucial pieces of EU digital legislation, such as the GDPR, the Data Act, and the Cyber Resilience Act. It assesses overlaps and gaps between these acts, and shows that, while each of them is individually well targeted, their interplay creates significant regulatory complexity. Finally, it provides reflections and suggestions for possible evolutions of the AI Act and EU digital legislation as a whole, keeping in mind the objective of ensuring that Europe can establish a competitive AI industry.

This article examines the privacy regulatory framework for smart robotics in Japan and compares it with EU regulations to identify disparities and potential risks, particularly when Japanese robots enter the EU market. It highlights that Japanese regulations lack requirements for privacy by design and feature narrower definitions of personal and sensitive data compared to the GDPR. The study underscores the importance of a holistic approach that integrates data protection, product safety, and cybersecurity in human-robot interactions.

This document outlines the European Commission's internal strategy and initiatives for the responsible use and development of artificial intelligence under the AI@EC Communication. It highlights guidelines for staff, a risk-based AI register aligned with the AI Act, ongoing oversight by an Interservice Steering Group, and workforce training programs. Additionally, it details specific internal AI tools such as GPT@EC, language tools, and AI4DRPM for digital-ready policy-making.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Artificial Intelligence Strategy outlines a comprehensive framework to integrate AI across health care, human services, and agency operations. It establishes a OneHHS approach built around five core pillars: governance and risk management, shared infrastructure, workforce upending and training, gold-standard scientific research, and modernization of health delivery. The strategy provides clear goals, preliminary maturity assessments, and metrics to ensure public trust, data security, and improved health outcomes.

This California statute enacts the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (TFAIA), which requires large frontier developers of advanced foundation models to adopt and publish frontier AI frameworks, report critical safety incidents and catastrophic risk assessments to the Office of Emergency Services, and comply with civil penalties for noncompliance. It also establishes a consortium within the Government Operations Agency to develop a framework for a public cloud computing cluster known as CalCompute, and introduces whistleblower protections for covered employees reporting catastrophic risks or violations.

This document explores the ethical, legal, and practical implications of integrating artificial intelligence and robotics into surgical practices. It examines the evolution of surgical robots, classifications of autonomy, accountability and liability issues, training standards, and accessibility and equity in global healthcare delivery. The text emphasizes that automation and AI should serve as collaborative tools to support human surgeons rather than replace them.

This academic paper examines the ethical, social, and legal implications of sex robots through a feminist phenomenological lens. It evaluates the gendered nature of current sex robot production, which predominantly imitates idealized female forms, and questions the suitability of an outright ban. Instead, the paper explores how flexible regulatory instruments, such as soft law mechanisms and design guidelines under the EU AI Act, can address potential risks while encouraging diverse and non-binary design solutions.

This study investigates the complex relationship between public trust and the ethical design of behavioral algorithms in humanoid robots through a qualitative, interdisciplinary literature review. It introduces the Human-Robot Integration Ethics Matrix (HR-IEM) as a conceptual framework linking core algorithmic objectives to measurable social trust indicators. The research addresses the gap between abstract ethical standards and lived human experiences, offering guidance for developers and policymakers to evaluate ethical-social alignment.

This Supreme Decree approves the regulations for Law No. 31814, which promotes the use of artificial intelligence for the economic and social development of Peru. It establishes governance structures, risk classifications (prohibited, high risk, and acceptable risk), transparency and privacy requirements, and obligations for public administration and private sector entities.

This policy establishes the acceptable use guidelines for generative AI tools by New Zealand Police personnel. It mandates mandatory staff training, prior approval of tools by ICT and governance groups, human-in-the-loop oversight, appropriate labeling of AI-generated outputs, and restrictions on court use without prior approval. Furthermore, the policy outlines audit requirements, vendor compliance rules, and a six-month rolling review frequency.

This policy establishes the rules and standards for the acceptable use of generative artificial intelligence (genAI) by New Zealand Police staff and contractors. It mandates mandatory training, formal tool review and approval processes, human-in-the-loop accountability, and specific labeling of genAI outputs. Furthermore, it restricts automated decision-making and prohibits the use of genAI outputs in court contexts without prior judicial approval.

This policy paper by SIX outlines recommendations for Switzerland's approach to AI regulation, advocating for a flexible, sector-specific strategy that balances innovation with trust and competitiveness in the financial sector. It proposes implementing the Council of Europe's AI Convention through targeted legislation, aligning with EU standards where feasible, and fostering industry self-regulation. The document emphasizes integrating AI governance into existing supervisory frameworks, such as FINMA's guidelines, rather than creating a comprehensive horizontal AI law.

This policy brief explores how the European Union AI Act will influence North Macedonia's legal and institutional readiness for EU integration. It highlights the country's current regulatory vacuum regarding AI and outlines the necessary structural, legal, and institutional reforms required to harmonize national laws with EU standards. The document emphasizes the risks of regulatory fragmentation and provides recommendations for establishing a dedicated AI law and strengthening enforcement bodies.