Records

The Ghana Artificial Intelligence Practitioners' Guide serves as a comprehensive national resource and blueprint designed to support the responsible, ethical, and inclusive development, deployment, and governance of artificial intelligence across Ghana. Developed through multi-stakeholder collaboration, the guide covers everything from foundational AI definitions, ethical frameworks, and existing legal and regulatory landscapes to sectoral applications, capacity building, startup strategies, and sustainable development. It provides practical guidance for practitioners, policymakers, businesses, and researchers to ensure that AI innovations in Ghana align with human-centred values and national priorities.

Nigeria's National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (NAIS) serves as a comprehensive 5-year roadmap to guide the country's adoption of artificial intelligence for socio-economic change. The strategy outlines a vision to become a global leader in AI through ethical innovation, local talent, and strategic collaboration across five core pillars: foundational infrastructure, ecosystem development, sector adoption, responsible AI, and a governance framework. It addresses critical national challenges such as workforce development, infrastructure gaps, data quality, and risk mitigation.

This academic article explores the intersection of sex robots, rape, and sexual consent, examining the legal and normative challenges they present. It argues that non-consensual and deceptive design in sex robots reinforces women's subordination and perpetuates rape culture and technology-facilitated violence. Rather than favoring prohibition, the paper proposes alternative designs embedding affirmative consent and examines the potential of the EU AI Act's codes of conduct to guide responsible development.

This research article investigates how different robot emotion regulation strategies (empathetic, non-empathetic, and no regulation) influence users' emotional responses, decision-making, and trust across positive and negative contexts. Through video-based and game-based simulations, the authors find that empathetic regulation is more effective in positive scenarios, whereas non-empathetic regulation supports rational decision-making in negative scenarios. The study highlights the importance of adapting robot emotion regulation strategies to context and provides methodological guidance for human-robot interaction research.

This position paper contends that the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence and robotics has outpaced the development of structured knowledge and formal ontologies, creating a semantic gap that hinders verification and transparency. The authors argue that formal ontology research must be reinvigorated through renewed academic investment, reintegration into development workflows, and lower barriers to adoption. Specifically, they advocate for ontology-augmented verification methods, semantic auditing practices, and FAIR publishing standards to make autonomous systems more accountable and beneficial.

This guidance outlines responsible artificial intelligence practices for businesses regarding data collection, training, and modelling. It covers considerations for fit-for-purpose data, legal and ethical data use, intellectual property, indigenous Māori data sovereignty, and model efficacy and testing. Practical tips and case examples are provided to help businesses mitigate risks such as bias, privacy breaches, and copyright infringement.

This paper presents X-HAZOP, a family of participatory design techniques for conducting ethical hazard analysis on assistive robots. The methodology combines CHAZOP (creative hazard analysis), which uses guide words to create accessible narrative texts describing the robot, and EHAZOP (ethical hazard analysis), which uses those narratives to identify potential ethical harms in collaborative workshops. The authors validate the approach through preliminary workshops with writers and students, demonstrating that the techniques help foster inclusive stakeholder participation and uncover novel ethical hazards.

This document outlines the Action Plan for Costa Rica's National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (ENIA) for 2024-2027, published in August 2025. It details strategic lines, expected results, indicators, baselines, periods, and responsible institutions across seven core axes to foster ethical AI, regional development, R&D, smart governance, talent formation, digital infrastructure, and international leadership.

This research paper explores how consumers comply with advice given by service robots in organizational frontlines, specifically in health and elderly care settings. Through six studies, including four field experiments, the authors demonstrate that consumers are significantly more likely to comply with robot advice when the robot attributes the advice to a human service provider rather than giving it on its own. This increase in compliance is driven by a heightened sense of accountability, which persists over time, though the compliance gap can also be attenuated when the robot embeds social cues in its advice.

This discussion paper outlines Bank Negara Malaysia's proposed approach and views relating to the development and adoption of artificial intelligence in the Malaysian financial sector. It examines current adoption trends, benefits, and risks across financial institutions, while seeking stakeholder feedback on regulatory posture and industry-led guidelines.

This academic paper explores basic ethical and bioethical considerations required to mediate human-robot interaction across everyday settings, analyzing state-of-the-art reports and recent research advances in artificial intelligence. It examines key themes such as welfare, care, and justice, noting that adopting robotic assistance is often limited by users' apprehensions regarding ethics, security, and privacy. The study highlights that AI algorithms must be designed with embedded ethical principles to ensure safe, natural, and transparent interactions.

This position paper submitted to the UN Special Rapporteur on counter-terrorism and human rights details how Myanmar's military junta systematically uses artificial intelligence to build a digital dictatorship. Under the pretext of national security, the military deploys AI-powered biometric databases, facial recognition surveillance, and deep packet inspection to profile, track, and repress opponents. The document highlights the complicity of global technology supply chains and social media platforms, calling for urgent international regulatory frameworks, mandatory corporate due diligence, and accountability for AI-enabled human rights violations.

This academic paper explores the ethical considerations surrounding the use of robots as teachers and personalized learning companions in education. It examines machine moral agency, pedagogical autonomy, and the distribution of responsibility through the lenses of humanism, digital humanism, and critical posthumanism. The study analyzes historical and contemporary trends in algorithmic education and questions the uncritical adoption of robotic technologies in classrooms.

This academic article examines the criminal accountability of artificial intelligence entities, focusing specifically on medical robots and the difficulty of attributing errors to a specific agent when patient harm occurs. It explores the debate over whether AI entities should be granted legal personality, contrasting arguments for criminal liability with the human agent theory which distributes liability among the manufacturer, programmer, and user. Through an analytical and comparative approach referencing Lebanese and French legislation, the study concludes that AI entities lack independent free will and control, meaning criminal liability should rest with human actors under the human representative theory.

The India AI Governance Guidelines provide a comprehensive framework balancing AI innovation with accountability and safety, structured around seven foundational sutras. The document establishes recommendations across six pillars including infrastructure, capacity building, policy and regulation, risk mitigation, accountability, and institutional oversight. It outlines a whole-of-government approach to operationalize these recommendations through bodies such as the AI Governance Group and the AI Safety Institute. Furthermore, it details practical guidelines for industry actors and regulators to ensure responsible AI implementation and innovation aligned with India's national priorities.

This document provides non-binding guidelines from the European Commission on the practical implementation of prohibited artificial intelligence practices established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (the AI Act). It covers the rationale, scope, exceptions, and enforcement mechanisms for prohibitions related to harmful manipulation, deception, social scoring, criminal risk assessment, facial image scraping, emotion recognition, biometric categorization, and real-time remote biometric identification. The guidance aims to ensure consistent, effective, and uniform application of Article 5 of the AI Act while balancing fundamental rights protection and innovation.

The Implementation Plan of Shanghai Municipality for the Development of the Embodied Intelligence Industry outlines strategic objectives and supportive measures to build Shanghai into a globally influential hub for embodied intelligence innovation by 2027. The plan focuses on model-driven innovation, building public infrastructure platforms, creating benchmark application scenarios, fostering industrial clusters, and establishing a robust ecosystem including safety, standards, and talent development. It provides comprehensive financial incentives, subsidies, and vouchers for research, computing power, corpora, and enterprise development.

The Global AI Governance Action Plan is a comprehensive framework published at the 2025 World Artificial Intelligence Conference. It outlines thirteen actionable areas for global cooperation, including seizing AI opportunities, promoting innovation, advancing cross-industry applications, building digital infrastructure, and enhancing safety governance. The plan calls on governments, international organizations, enterprises, and research institutions to work together through the United Nations to bridge the digital divide and ensure inclusive, safe, and reliable AI development.

This academic research article explores the ethical implications of applying Kantian philosophy to human-robot interaction. It examines traditional views of robots as instruments and the limitations of Kantian indirect duties regarding animal and machine mistreatment, ultimately proposing a new framework based on Kant's duty to promote others' happiness. This perspective suggests that society has a moral duty to protect human-robot relationships if those relationships genuinely contribute to an individual's self-determined happiness.

This academic journal article examines the urgency of implementing specific legal regulations on robot trading in Indonesia to ensure investor protection and maintain market stability. It identifies legal gaps that have allowed unlicensed and fraudulent robot trading platforms to proliferate, and proposes a comprehensive regulatory framework involving tiered licensing, technical standards, transparency, and industry collaboration.

This academic study investigates the public legitimacy of artificial intelligence as an assistant in judicial decision-making, specifically examining whether robot law clerks are perceived as acceptable. The authors report on a vignette-based survey experiment conducted with a nationally representative sample in Kenya. The findings indicate that judges' reliance on AI-produced legal research is viewed as no less legitimate than reliance on human assistants. Ultimately, the paper provides empirical insights into how generative artificial intelligence interacts with normative ideals of the rule of law and access to justice.

This comparative legal study examines the concept of electronic medical robots, analyzing their physical and software characteristics, autonomy, and legal implications. Authored by researchers from the University of Mosul and published in the Journal of Al-Qadisiyah for Law and Political Sciences, it explores definitions, categories such as surgical and healthcare robots, and proposes legal frameworks to address liability for medical errors.

The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice is a voluntary tool designed to help industry comply with the AI Act's legal obligations regarding safety, transparency, and copyright for general-purpose AI models. Prepared by independent experts in a multi-stakeholder process and published on July 10, 2025, the code consists of three chapters covering Transparency, Copyright, and Safety and Security. Providers of general-purpose AI models who voluntarily sign it can demonstrate compliance with the AI Act, thereby reducing their administrative burden and gaining legal certainty.

This research paper proposes a graph Resfusion model-based trustworthy block propagation optimization framework for consortium blockchain-enabled mobile embodied AI networks (MEANETs). It introduces an innovative trust calculation mechanism based on the trust cloud model to evaluate miner trustworthiness and filters out untrusted miners. Furthermore, it leverages graph neural networks and diffusion models to adaptively generate optimal block propagation trajectories, improving propagation efficiency and security.

Luxembourg's Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2030 aims to establish the country as a responsible European AI hub centered on a human-centric approach, technological sovereignty, and digital skills development across all levels of society. The strategy focuses on proactive regulation aligned with the European AI Act, the creation of a national AI Factory as a one-stop-shop for companies, and targeted educational initiatives for five key proficiency profiles. Flagship projects span critical areas including healthcare, education, the labor market, cybersecurity, and climate.

ISO/IEC 42006:2025 specifies requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of artificial intelligence management systems (AIMS). It builds upon ISO/IEC 17021-1 to provide specialized criteria for assessing organizations that develop, deploy, or offer AI systems. The standard ensures consistency, credibility, and rigor in auditing AI management systems aligned with ISO/IEC 42001.

This study develops and validates the Ethical Sensitivity Scale for Artificial Intelligence and Robot Nurses through a methodological approach. Conducted with 356 nursing students in Turkey, the resulting 17-item scale is organized into four sub-dimensions with confirmed validity and reliability. The findings provide a measurement tool to assess ethical awareness regarding AI and nursing robots in healthcare and educational settings.

This law establishes the regulatory framework and incentives for researching, developing, and manufacturing robotic technologies in El Salvador. It sets out safety guidelines, risk classifications, import authorizations, and responsibilities for designers, developers, manufacturers, integrators, deployers, and operators. The National Artificial Intelligence Agency (ANIA) is designated as the competent authority to enforce the law and issue technical security standards.

This academic book chapter examines the ethical, regulatory, and safety considerations involved in the integration of robotics into rehabilitation therapies. It explores core ethical principles such as patient autonomy and beneficence alongside regulatory frameworks like FDA guidelines and CE marking. Additionally, the text addresses data privacy regulations, patient safety protocols, and the importance of ensuring equitable access to rehabilitation robotics across diverse socioeconomic backgrounds.

This legislative bill proposes a comprehensive normative framework to regulate the development, implementation, and use of artificial intelligence in Panama, prioritizing human rights, human dignity, and data protection. It establishes an ethical principles framework, classifies AI systems by risk levels, prohibits specific high-risk applications, and designates SENACYT as the principal regulatory and supervisory authority. The bill was ultimately rejected and filed during its first committee debate.

This document is Iceland's first governmental action plan on artificial intelligence for the years 2025-2027, issued by the Ministry of Culture and Business Affairs. It sets out strategic priorities and concrete actions across five core pillars: AI for all, a competitive business environment, education in tune with the times, new paths in public services, and the healthcare system of the future. The plan aims to promote responsible AI adoption, protect fundamental rights and the Icelandic language, foster innovation, and enhance public sector efficiency in alignment with international frameworks such as EU regulations and OECD principles.

This implementation guide provides 43 concrete criteria organized by the chronological development phases of health AI systems to help providers integrate ethical values such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and eco-responsibility. Developed by the Ethics Cell of the Digital Health Delegation, it combines stakeholder collaboration, comparative analysis with existing ethical labels, and alignment with the European AI Act. It aims to support trustworthy, human-centric AI innovation in healthcare.

This document outlines New Zealand's national strategy for artificial intelligence, focusing on accelerating private sector AI adoption and innovation rather than foundational model development. It addresses key barriers to uptake such as regulatory uncertainty, skills shortages, and lack of awareness by committing to stable, light-touch policies and guidance aligned with OECD AI principles. The strategy also highlights New Zealand's strengths in sectors like agriculture, healthcare, and indigenous language preservation while strengthening international collaboration and research systems.

This document is a voluntary guidance resource produced by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) to help businesses implement trustworthy AI practices. It outlines three core layers of guidance: understanding your purpose for AI, establishing good business foundations (such as governance, procurement, and risk management), and managing specific AI considerations like data, modeling, and generative AI outputs. The framework aligns with international OECD AI principles while accommodating domestic values including Māori data sovereignty and New Zealand legal requirements.

This document outlines New Zealand's national strategy for artificial intelligence, emphasizing private sector AI adoption and innovation rather than foundational AI development. It details the country's state of play, addresses barriers to AI uptake, and highlights international collaboration and the leveraging of New Zealand's science and technology system. Published in July 2025, the strategy aims to maintain economic competitiveness and drive productivity gains.

The Western Balkans Digital Economy and Society Index (WB DESI) 2024 Report provides a comprehensive evaluation of the digital performance of the Western Balkans Six economies across four core dimensions: digital skills, digital infrastructure, digital transformation of businesses, and digitalisation of public services. It benchmarks the region against European Union standards, tracking progress from 2022 to 2023 and identifying key policy priorities to accelerate regional convergence with the EU single market. The report also features individual country profiles for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, highlighting specific reform agendas and indicator results.

America’s AI Action Plan outlines a comprehensive national strategy for the United States to achieve and maintain global dominance in artificial intelligence across three core pillars: innovation, infrastructure, and international diplomacy and security. It directs federal agencies to eliminate burdensome regulations, foster open-source and open-weight AI, streamline environmental permitting for data centers and energy infrastructure, and protect critical technologies through export controls. Furthermore, the plan prioritizes workforce readiness, scientific datasets, biosecurity measures, and the adoption of AI within the federal government and Department of Defense.

This academic journal article explores the legal and ethical dimensions of medical responsibility in robot-assisted surgery from Islamic ethical and fiqh perspectives. By examining classical fiqh sources, contemporary fatwas, and modern legal frameworks, it analyzes the liabilities of surgeons, manufacturers, hospitals, and maintenance engineers. The study concludes that applying a strict joint and several liability model aligns with Shariah accountability to ensure justice, patient safety, and trustworthiness.

This paper proposes the Robot Trust and Accountability Framework (RoTAF) to systematically analyze trust dimensions and accountability mechanisms across six robotic deployment contexts: surgical robots, eldercare robots, autonomous warehouse systems, delivery drones, collaborative manufacturing robots, and autonomous emergency response robots. It introduces the Trust-Accountability Quality Score (TAQS) to evaluate current governance adequacy, finding that eldercare robots have the lowest score and surgical robots the highest. The research highlights over-trust as the most prevalent trust pathology and provides trust calibration and accountability design guidance.

This academic conference paper provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of different types of robots, including social, educational, entertainment, industrial, collaborative, mobile, service, and humanoid robots. It examines how anthropomorphic design affects robot classification, emotional engagement, and societal acceptance across various domains such as healthcare, education, retail, and manufacturing. Furthermore, the study identifies important ethical challenges associated with human-robot interaction, such as risks of emotional manipulation, stereotype reinforcement, and psychological dependence.

This academic paper proposes a typified legal framework for addressing infringement issues caused by humanoid robots, dividing them into passive and active infringements. It focuses particularly on autonomous infringements resulting from learning algorithms and applies law and economics principles—such as the Hand Formula—to allocate liabilities among manufacturers, general AI model providers, and users. The study suggests balanced regulatory approaches to ensure both technological innovation and legal accountability in the emerging robotics sector.

This qualitative study explores Iranian surgeons' attitudes toward AI-enhanced robotic surgery through semi-structured interviews with 25 board-certified surgeons across diverse specialties. The research identifies four major thematic domains: perceptions of AI autonomy, legal liability and accountability, fears of skill erosion, and proposed strategies for skill maintenance. The findings highlight cautious optimism for assistive technologies alongside significant concerns regarding infrastructural limitations, lack of regulatory clarity, and potential deskilling.

The Integrated Innovation Strategy 2025 serves as an annual implementation plan for Japan's Sixth Basic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation, aiming to accelerate efforts across advanced science, research infrastructure, and innovation ecosystems. It outlines specific measures for key technology fields such as artificial intelligence, quantum technology, fusion energy, materials, and biotechnology, while addressing economic security and preparations for the Seventh STI Basic Plan. The strategy emphasizes public-private collaboration, startup promotion, international cooperation, and the mitigation of technological risks.

This Japanese Act provides a comprehensive framework for promoting the research and development, and utilization of artificial intelligence-related technology. It sets forth basic principles, establishes government responsibilities, calls for an Artificial Intelligence Basic Plan, and creates an Artificial Intelligence Strategic Headquarters under the Cabinet. The legislation aims to boost economic development, enhance industrial competitiveness, and ensure safety, transparency, and international cooperation.

This practice notice sets out the policy of the Trademarks Opposition Board (TMOB) in Canada regarding the use of artificial intelligence to generate content in documents submitted during proceedings. It establishes that parties must include a specific declaration when generative AI is used to create document content or legal authorities, and outlines consequences for failing to provide the declaration. Examples are provided to distinguish between documents that require a declaration and those that do not.

The Executive Yuan of Taiwan has introduced a government plan to promote and develop the smart robotics industry, aiming to accelerate the practical applications of homegrown smart robotics. The plan leverages Taiwan's semiconductor and ICT foundations to foster interministerial collaboration, build regional industry clusters, and position Taiwan as an AI island. Key strategies include advancing core technologies, growing the industry ecosystem, enhancing cybersecurity and standards, and cultivating specialized talent.

This guidance document clarifies the interplay between the European Union Medical Devices Regulation (MDR), In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation (IVDR), and the Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) for medical device manufacturers. Endorsed by the Artificial Intelligence Board and the Medical Device Coordination Group, it addresses frequently asked questions concerning the scope, classification, quality management, data governance, technical documentation, transparency, human oversight, conformity assessment, and post-market monitoring of medical device artificial intelligence.

This academic paper examines the role of transparency in AI and robotic systems, arguing that making AI decision-making processes understandable is essential for accountability, informed consent, algorithmic debugging, and public trust. The authors outline technical, ethical, and practical challenges associated with achieving transparency, particularly in dynamic, real-world robotic environments. To address these hurdles, they propose a comprehensive framework that incorporates standardized transparency metrics, explainable AI techniques, user-friendly interfaces, and transparency-by-design requirements.

This Texas state legislation regulates the use of artificial intelligence systems and data management by governmental entities. It requires state agencies and local governments to maintain inventories of AI systems, adopt an AI code of ethics aligned with the NIST AI RMF 1.0, and implement minimum risk management standards for heightened scrutiny AI systems. The act also establishes an advisory board, a testing sandbox program, public disclosure and impact assessment requirements, and a complaint web page managed by the attorney general.

ISO/IEC 42005:2025 provides guidance for organisations conducting AI system impact assessments to understand how AI systems affect individuals, groups, or society. The standard supports transparency, accountability, and trust by helping organisations identify, evaluate, and document potential impacts throughout the AI system lifecycle. It complements other standards such as ISO/IEC 42001 and ISO/IEC 23894 by focusing specifically on the societal and human impacts of AI.