Records

This academic article analyzes the implementation and prospects of introducing a robot-judge into the judicial system of the Russian Federation. It examines the positive and negative aspects of judicial discretion, the potential for digital technologies to overcome inconsistencies in law enforcement, and the legal and ethical challenges of replacing human judges with artificial intelligence. The authors conclude that while digitalization can improve efficiency and reduce workload, judicial discretion and the human conscience remain essential to the judicial process.

This academic article analyzes how science fiction films like Blade Runner and I, Robot function as "science fiction prototypes" that explore the future legal and moral status of advanced artificial intelligence and robots. The study juxtaposes features traditionally attributed to moral subjects and human rights protection against the human-like characteristics of fictional robots. It argues that if robots develop strong AI, consciousness, and sentience, legal systems will eventually need to incorporate them as moral agents rather than treating them merely as property or slaves.

This academic article examines the definition and current state of sex robots, reviewing three distinct regulatory approaches proposed by David Levy, Kathleen Richardson, and John Danaher. It analyzes the ethical, social, and legal implications of human-robot sexual relationships, including concerns regarding the objectification of women and the potential promotion of harmful behaviors. The author concludes by supporting a balanced regulatory approach that permits personal use while actively prohibiting sex robots designed to mimic or embody rape or child sexual exploitation. This paper explores the intersection of artificial intelligence, human sexuality, and social ethics within a pluralistic democratic society.

In August 2020, the Slovenian Government released for public consultation a draft National programme promoting the development and use of AI in the Republic of Slovenia by 2025 (NpUI). The programme outlines strategic objectives and concrete measures spanning human capital, research and innovation, networking, regulation, and infrastructure, backed by EUR 110 million of public funding. It aims to foster a supportive ecosystem, enhance international competitiveness, and increase public trust in AI through ethical and legal frameworks.

This document outlines the rules of procedure for the National Assembly of Thailand, detailing the duties and powers of the President and Vice-President of the National Assembly, procedures for parliamentary meetings, committee operations, consideration of organic acts, constitutional amendments, and maintaining order during sessions. It provides internal governance mechanisms for the functioning of the legislative branch pursuant to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand.

This SIENNA project deliverable identifies potential changes needed in international, EU, and national legal and human rights frameworks to effectively implement ethical proposals for human genetics, human enhancement technologies, and AI and robotics. It provides actionable recommendations to improve enforcement, promote legislative uptake, and enhance effectiveness across these technology fields. The report outlines specific desired changes, responsible actors, implementation priorities, and challenges alongside mitigation strategies, while also discussing the interrelations between ethics and law.

This research article investigates the ethical perceptions of younger adults toward the real-world use of companion robots for older people and individuals with dementia. Through surveys following live interactions with companion robot pets, the study compares ethical issues debated in philosophical literature with the actual concerns of potential end-users and family members. Findings indicate that while philosophical literature focuses on deception and infantilisation, participants were predominantly concerned with socioeconomic equality of access and device cost, with overall low levels of instinctual ethical concern.

This academic paper analyzes the European Parliament's 2017 Resolution on Civil Law Rules on Robotics through a legal-cognitive-linguistic lens. The authors conclude that relying on a definition of 'robot' to determine the regulatory scope is flawed and that future civil law norms should instead be rooted in the concept of artificial intelligence.

The Algorithm Charter for Aotearoa New Zealand is a commitment by government agencies to ensure transparency, accountability, and ethical use of algorithms and advanced analytics. Signatories commit to assessing algorithm risks, maintaining transparency, partnering consistently with the Treaty of Waitangi, focusing on people and impacted communities, ensuring data quality, safeguarding privacy and human rights, and retaining human oversight.

This study commissioned by the European Parliament analyzes the notion of artificial intelligence technologies and the applicable legal framework for civil liability. It argues that regulation should be technology-specific and presents a Risk Management Approach holding the party best capable of controlling technology-related risks strictly liable. The study applies this approach to four case studies including industrial robots, automated driving, medical robots, and drones to elaborate policy recommendations.

This article examines the integration of artificial intelligence and robotics in nursing through the lens of care ethics. The authors review current and future AI applications in healthcare and argue that AI is presently incapable of true caring as understood in nursing. They conclude that ethical implementation requires AI to support rather than replace the uniquely human aspects of care.

This EDPS opinion evaluates the European Commission's White Paper on Artificial Intelligence, welcoming its commitment to EU values and fundamental rights while suggesting several improvements. The EDPS recommends that any future regulatory framework for AI should apply to EU institutions as well as Member States, protect societal interests alongside individual rights, adopt a more nuanced risk-based approach, and include clear impact assessments. Additionally, the EDPS supports a moratorium on remote biometric identification in public spaces until appropriate safeguards are established.

This academic article examines the theoretical and legal differences between robotics and artificial intelligence, arguing that the two concepts are semantically distinct and possess different characteristics. It evaluates various proposals regarding the legal personality of robots and artificial intelligence, concluding that granting legal personhood is currently premature but may become relevant in the future. The authors suggest that creating a separate legal framework to clearly delineate liability between developers and users is the most optimal approach.

This SIENNA project deliverable provides a broad ethical analysis of artificial intelligence and robotics technologies, identifying present and potential future ethical issues across subfields, technological products, and specific applications. The report clarifies and contextualizes these ethical issues without making moral judgments or proposing solutions, while also summarizing country studies on the academic and popular media debates in twelve countries. Additionally, it outlines the history and state of the art in the academic ethics of AI and robotics and reviews current institutional support.

This final report summarizes the outcomes of the #EUvsVirus Hackathon and Matchathon initiatives organized by the European Commission and member states in 2020. It details the 120 winning projects across various challenge domains, presents statistics on partnerships formed between innovators and public or private entities, and includes testimonials from participants and officials.

This final report documents the outcomes of the EUvsVirus hackathon and matchathon initiatives organized by the European Commission in June 2020. It details the testimonials of volunteers and member states, lists 120 winning projects addressing various COVID-19 challenges, and compiles thousands of partnerships between innovators and public or private organizations. The publication serves as a legacy record of pan-European technological and collaborative efforts during the pandemic.

This final report documents the outcomes of the EUvsVirus hackathon and matchathon initiatives organized by the European Commission and member states to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. It details the 120 winning projects across various challenge domains, lists thousands of cross-European partnerships formed between innovators and public/private entities, and provides testimonials from participants and officials.

This document provides an ethics guide and framework for United States Intelligence Community personnel on how to procure, design, build, use, protect, consume, and manage artificial intelligence and related data. It outlines considerations for understanding goals and risks, addressing legal obligations, incorporating human judgment, mitigating undesired bias, testing models, and maintaining transparency and accountability. The framework serves as a living document to promote ethical design and use consistent with the principles of the Intelligence Community.

These guidelines are aimed at central government departments considering AI technology to improve existing services or support future service transformation. They provide a set of guiding principles and practical insights on how to buy AI technology and tackle challenges during procurement. Developed by the Office for AI in collaboration with the World Economic Forum Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution and other government functions, the document covers stages from preparation and planning to contract implementation and ongoing management.

This academic paper explores the critical ethical issues involved in the design and development of medical robots and robotic doctors. It highlights the importance of understanding human-robot interaction, patient-doctor relationships, and the aesthetic and moral considerations in healthcare robotics. The authors discuss challenges such as confidentiality, trust, liability, and the need for new ethical and legal frameworks in AI-driven healthcare.

This study addresses the relationship between the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and artificial intelligence, reviewing current AI technologies and their applications to personal data. It analyzes how AI fits into the GDPR conceptual framework, examining tensions with principles like purpose limitation and data minimisation, and explores automated decision-making and risk-based approaches. The study concludes that while AI can be deployed consistently with the GDPR, the regulation's prescriptions need to be expanded and concretised with guidance for controllers.

This scientific foresight study examines the relationship between the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and artificial intelligence. It evaluates how AI technologies and big data intersect with GDPR principles such as purpose limitation, data minimisation, and automated decision-making. The study concludes that AI can be deployed consistently with the GDPR, but recommends expanding guidance to prevent legal uncertainty while protecting fundamental rights.

This academic paper critically assesses John Danaher’s ethical behaviourism, a theory proposing that a robot's moral status should be determined solely or decisively by its observable behavior. The author argues against ethical behaviourism by showing that the theory relies on abductive reasoning rather than mere analogy, which means it cannot remain neutral on the metaphysical properties grounding moral status. Furthermore, the paper contends that knowledge of a robot's design process, designer intentions, and ontology are epistemically relevant when assessing moral status.

This research paper examines the safety design of personal care robots with a specific focus on children. The authors analyze gaps in existing safety standards by mapping them across risk assessment steps and propose a procedure to integrate child safety standards. Additionally, the study presents foundational low-speed collision experiments using a dummy robot to evaluate the impact force of various cushioning materials.

This academic paper examines the ethical challenges arising from the use of carebots for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and individuals with disabilities. It analyzes issues related to robot capabilities, potential deception, human over-reliance, lack of informed consent, and privacy infringements. To address these challenges, the author proposes using the Ethics of Care as a central normative framework for designing carebots due to its contextual sensitivity, coherence with principlism and other ethical theories, and strong association with trust.

This paper proposes a draft framework for social robot accident investigation, drawing parallels with established practices in aviation and healthcare. It advocates for the integration of technological tools like ethical black boxes and methodological approaches such as why-because analysis to investigate robot failures. The framework is illustrated through a fictional care robot scenario and aims to advance the practice of responsible robotics.

This academic paper explores the emerging ethical considerations surrounding the integration of environmental robots into ecosystems to address unprecedented environmental changes in the Anthropocene. By utilizing a functional taxonomy of environmental robots, the authors develop key ethical questions to advance the sub-field of Environmental Robot Ethics. The work aims to provide resources for critical analysis of the ethical issues and tradeoffs presented by environmental robotics technologies.

The Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Hungary (2020-2030) outlines a comprehensive framework for developing, adopting, and governing AI across the country's economy, society, and public administration. It establishes foundational pillars focusing on data economy, research and development, applications, education, infrastructure, and regulation, alongside sectoral targets and transformative programs. The strategy aims to increase GDP through AI adoption, enhance corporate productivity, upskill the workforce, and ensure ethical, human-centric deployment.

ISO/IEC TR 24028:2020 is a technical report that surveys topics related to trustworthiness in artificial intelligence systems. It covers approaches for establishing trust through transparency, explainability, and controllability, as well as engineering pitfalls, threats, risks, and mitigation techniques. Additionally, it examines methods to assess and achieve availability, resiliency, reliability, accuracy, safety, security, and privacy in AI systems.

This article explores the legal and philosophical foundations that could support human-artificial intelligence matrimony as robots develop more human-like traits and capabilities. It analyzes U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence regarding marriage and constitutional rights to evaluate what criteria human-AI unions would need to meet. The paper concludes that while personhood criteria and legal capacities are relevant, social acceptance and overcoming bias against artificial entities will likely be primary drivers of legal development.

This legal analysis questions whether the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) concept of a civilian should be limited to humans, focusing on the utilization of embodied artificial intelligence (EAI) in armed conflict. The authors challenge the International Committee of the Red Cross's (ICRC) interpretive guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities (DPH), arguing that it creates an imbalance that affords greater protection to civilian objects than to human combatants. By proposing a Turing-like test for DPH assessments, the article explores how increasingly advanced civilian EAIs might blur the distinction between civilians and civilian property during warfare.

This academic journal article examines how the legal conception and interpretation of the subject of law are challenged by theoretical critiques and by developments such as posthuman critical theory, animal and nature rights, and the anthropomorphization of high-tech robotics. It signals the normative problems introduced by the sovereignty of the subject's self-fiction and by high-tech robotics. The paper was published in the journal Laws by MDPI on March 31, 2020.

This monograph collects papers from the First Far Eastern International Forum dedicated to the digital transformation of society, public power, law, and the state, specifically focusing on autonomous robotic technologies and artificial intelligence. It examines doctrinal and legal foundations as well as moral and ethical standards related to the use of robotic technologies and AI. The volume features contributions from numerous academic authors analyzing legal, philosophical, and social dimensions of digital reality.

The National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence Bangladesh outlines a comprehensive framework to leverage AI for sustainable socio-economic development and digital transformation. It establishes national priorities across seven key sectors, including public service delivery, manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, education, finance, and health. Furthermore, the strategy defines six core pillars covering R&D, skilling, data and digital infrastructure, ethics and regulations, start-up funding, and industrialization.

Published by the Law, Society and Ethics Working Group of the AI Forum, this document sets out high-level guiding principles for Trustworthy AI in Aotearoa New Zealand. It serves as a first step to encourage ethical and legal considerations in AI design, development, and deployment. The principles cover compliance with existing laws and human rights, fairness, reliability, transparency, human oversight, and promotion of public wellbeing.

A signed pledge promoting an ethical approach to AI, convened by the Pontifical Academy for Life and signed in Rome on 28 February 2020 by Microsoft, IBM, the FAO and the Italian government, and since by many further organisations - including leaders of other religious traditions at the 2024 Hiroshima meeting. Sets out "algor-ethics": ethics by design from the start of each algorithm's development, and six principles - transparency, inclusion, responsibility, impartiality, reliability, and security and privacy. Grounds these in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, calls for a "duty of explanation" for algorithmic decisions and for new forms of regulation of higher-risk technologies such as facial recognition, but binds no one beyond their signature.

This Commission report examines the safety and liability implications of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and robotics. It reviews existing product safety and liability frameworks and identifies potential gaps arising from emerging digital technologies. The document provides recommendations on how regulatory frameworks can adapt to address new risks and ensure adequate consumer protection.

This White Paper sets out options on how to foster Europe's approach to artificial intelligence based on excellence and trust. It proposes a framework for trustworthy AI centered on key requirements such as data governance, transparency, human oversight, and robustness. The document also outlines policy options for building an ecosystem of excellence spanning from research to industry to boost EU adoption of AI.

This White Paper sets out a European approach to artificial intelligence based on excellence and trust, proposing policy options to boost investment in research, skills, and SME adoption. It outlines a future regulatory framework focused on high-risk AI applications, mandating requirements related to training data, record-keeping, transparency, robustness, and human oversight. The document also addresses safety and liability implications and initiates a public consultation to inform future Commission policymaking.

This White Paper sets out a European approach to artificial intelligence based on excellence and trust, proposing policy measures to boost investment, research, and skills while creating a targeted regulatory framework for high-risk AI applications. It addresses both the opportunities of AI in industrial and public sectors and the risks it poses to safety and fundamental rights. The Commission launched a public consultation on these proposals to gather input from Member States, industry, and civil society.

This academic paper investigates the effects of different levels of automation in socially assistive robots during physical exercise sessions by comparing an adaptive robot using online preference learning with an adaptable robot directly controlled by the user. The authors conducted a between-subject study with 40 participants, evaluating the impact of these personalization mechanisms on perceived competence, warmth, trust in the alliance, and user motivation. The findings indicate that users evaluate adaptive robots as significantly more competent and warm, report a higher working alliance, and that perceived competence statistically mediates this improved alliance.

This research report provides a single point of reference on safety, regulatory, and liability issues for operating robotics in the European Union, specifically focusing on infrastructure inspection and maintenance (I&M) robotics across air, land, and water domains. It reviews general legal concepts such as regulation methods and civil liability regimes alongside specific EU directives, and examines sector-specific practices for unmanned aircraft systems, autonomous road vehicles, and marine vessels and submersibles.

In February 2020, the Latvian Government released its national AI strategy aimed at promoting the uptake and growth of AI across the entire economy, with a particular focus on the public administration. The strategy outlines policy actions spanning education, research and development, industry deployment, networking, legal and ethical frameworks, and data and digital infrastructure. It identifies priority application sectors such as transport, culture, justice, agriculture, and healthcare, and establishes mechanisms for regular monitoring and future updates.

This article reviews key perspectives on roboethics and establishes an ethical framework for smart robots. Building on previous literature, the framework highlights four major ethical implications for smart robots: as amoral and passive tools, as recipients of ethical behavior, as moral and active agents, and as ethical impact-makers in society. Furthermore, it identifies two underlying dimensions of the framework: the ethical agency of humans using smart robots and robots as objects of moral judgment.

This document contains comments and recommendations from BSA | The Software Alliance submitted to the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Communications regarding Brazil's National Artificial Intelligence Strategy. It advocates for five key pillars including trust in AI, sound data innovation policy, cybersecurity, research and development, and workforce development. The submission urges Brazil to avoid a one-size-fits-all regulation, modernize copyright laws for text and data mining, and ensure the free flow of cross-border data.

The Singapore Model AI Governance Framework translates ethical principles into practical recommendations that organizations can readily adopt to deploy AI responsibly. This second edition incorporates organizational experiences, industry examples, and international feedback to provide guidance across four key areas: internal governance, human involvement in decision-making, operations management, and stakeholder interaction. It is designed to be algorithm-, technology-, sector-, and scale-agnostic, assisting organizations in building stakeholder trust and aligning with accountability-based data practices.

The Model Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework (Second Edition) provides a voluntary, flexible guide for organizations deploying AI at scale to translate ethical principles into practical measures. It focuses on internal governance structures, determining the level of human involvement in AI-augmented decision-making, operations management, and stakeholder interaction and communication. The framework is designed to build stakeholder trust, promote human-centric AI, and complement Singapore's National AI Strategy.

This academic position paper critiques the 'robot rights' debate as a distraction from urgent ethical issues in artificial intelligence. Grounded in a post-Cartesian, phenomenological view of embodied human existence, the authors argue that robots cannot be granted rights and should not be conceptualized as slaves. Instead, they urge the AI ethics community to prioritize human welfare, addressing real-world harms such as algorithmic bias, privacy erosion, and the exploitation of human labor.

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued a notice requesting public comments on a draft memorandum that provides guidance to all Federal agencies regarding the regulation of artificial intelligence applications. The draft guidance aims to promote innovation while protecting American values such as human rights, privacy, civil liberties, and national security. Comments on the draft memorandum are requested by March 13, 2020.

This report documents the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 20021 on Spoken Language Interaction with Virtual Agents and Robots (SLIVAR), held in January 2020. It brings together world experts on spoken language processing and human-robot interaction to review open research questions, propose evaluation protocols, investigate data sharing, and examine ethical and societal issues. The seminar highlights the necessity of aligning visual, vocal, behavioral, and cognitive affordances to avoid the uncanny valley and bridge the habitability gap in human-machine interactions.