Records

This academic teaching case study examines the governance models and implementation of robotic process automation (RPA) at Nordea Bank, a large Nordic financial group. The text details how Nordea deployed software robots for various processes such as transaction processing, reporting, and GDPR-related customer interactions. It outlines organizational decision points, development and maintenance challenges, and governance archetypes relevant to enterprise-scale automation.

These guidelines establish technical rules for the creation, management, and long-term preservation of digital documents by public administrations and private entities in Italy. Issued by the Agency for Digital Italy (AgID), the document unifies previous technical regulations and circulars under the Digital Administration Code to ensure document authenticity, integrity, and interoperability. It outlines mandatory organizational roles, document security measures, classification procedures, and requirements for archival systems.

This academic chapter examines the ethical challenges of introducing sex robots to the Ndebele of Matabo, using Isintu ethics and the concept of umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu (a person is a person because of other people). The author argues that because Isintu thrives on human-to-human relations, substituting human beings with technological devices damages these relationships. The chapter concludes that the Ndebele of Matabo are not yet culturally ready for sex robots.

This academic paper examines the intersection of user experience (UX) design principles and ethical considerations in social human-robot interaction (HRI), specifically focusing on elder care companion robots. It analyzes how seamless interaction goals can conflict with informational privacy and user autonomy, leading to potential issues like strong paternalism and data surveillance. To address these challenges, the authors propose adjusted design principles and recommendations—such as cascading informed consent, sensor transparency, and predictability—to reconcile positive UX with ethical HRI design.

This Commission Staff Working Document presents the impact assessment accompanying the European Commission's proposed Artificial Intelligence Act. It examines technological, economic, legal, and political contexts, defines key problems related to safety, fundamental rights, legal uncertainty, and fragmentation, and evaluates several policy options. The preferred option is a horizontal, risk-based regulatory framework for artificial intelligence supported by codes of conduct and governance mechanisms.

This document is a legislative proposal from the European Commission for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence, commonly known as the Artificial Intelligence Act. It establishes a risk-based regulatory framework for AI systems placed on the Union market, introducing prohibitions on certain harmful AI practices, mandatory requirements for high-risk AI systems, and transparency obligations for specific AI applications. Additionally, the proposal sets up a governance structure at both national and Union levels, including the establishment of a European Artificial Intelligence Board and an EU database for stand-alone high-risk AI systems.

This extended abstract highlights five key ethical issues unique to the field of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), including emotional emulation, robot presentation, misleading terminology, data privacy risks, and Wizard of Oz experimental setups. The authors argue that HRI research frequently underreports ethical conduct and relies on deception or anthropomorphism that can lead to unrealistic user expectations. They call for an interdisciplinary and systematic approach to ethical reflection and adherence to proper research conduct among practitioners.

The Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (EBIA) guides state actions to stimulate research, innovation, and the development of AI solutions with ethical and conscious use. It aligns with OECD principles and establishes nine thematic axes spanning legislation, governance, research, workforce, and public sector application. The strategy was instituted by ministerial ordinance and built following public consultation.

This review paper examines the unique ethical challenges posed by the corporeality, physical presence, and interaction modalities of robots, distinguishing roboethics issues from broader AI ethics. The authors review recent findings in human-robot interaction (HRI), focusing on how physical presence, touch, and movement can influence human behavior and agency. They emphasize that these physical and spatial dynamics require dedicated ethical considerations during robot design, independent of the software or artificial intelligence implemented inside the system.

This academic paper examines the policy design implications of deploying autonomous robots in public spaces. By reviewing previous public policy approaches to disruptive technologies, the authors synthesize key insights into a policy design checklist covering safety, privacy and ethics, productivity, esthetics, co-creation, equitable access, and systemic innovation. The article argues that well-designed anticipatory public policy can enhance opportunities while reducing the risks of undesirable outcomes.

This paper introduces RMP2, a more efficient and flexible alternative algorithm to the RMPflow message passing routine for computing Riemannian Motion Policies using modern automatic differentiation tools. The authors demonstrate that RMP2 retains the analytical guarantees of RMPflow while offering an easier programming interface, support for general directed acyclic graphs, and end-to-end differentiability for robot learning. Experimental results in reinforcement learning tasks with a three-link robot and a Franka robot arm show that RMP2-based structured policies improve performance and safety.

These guidelines present a systematic methodology for assessing and managing the reliability of machine learning components used in the field of plant safety. They adopt a hierarchical quality assurance framework comprising quality in use, external quality, and internal quality, and provide specific use cases, evaluation procedures, and implementation checklists for plant owner and vendor companies.

This report prepared by Frontier Economics for the UK Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) provides an evidence-based framework to help government prioritize policy interventions designed to increase access to and sharing of data across the economy. It reviews the rationales for government intervention, identifies six key data-sharing issues and corresponding levers, and outlines an initial application involving economic sizing and high-level assessment criteria. The study serves as a starting point for developing public policy to unlock the economic and social benefits of expanded data access.

This resolution by the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights addresses the human rights opportunities and challenges presented by artificial intelligence, robotics, and emerging technologies in Africa. It calls on State Parties to ensure that such technologies comply with the African Charter, uphold human dignity and privacy, and remain under meaningful human control. Additionally, the Commission commits to undertaking a comprehensive study on the impact of these technologies on human and peoples' rights across the continent.

This academic paper presents the design, development, and deployment of a humanoid educational robot named 'Robot Activist' to support child rights education in Malaysia. Developed through a collaboration between the National Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) and Monash University Malaysia, the robot introduces students to child rights conventions through interactive Q&A and games. The study evaluates the technical performance, pedagogical impact, constraints, and future recommendations for deploying social robots in schools.

This approach document, published by NITI Aayog in February 2021, establishes broad ethical principles for the design, development, and deployment of artificial intelligence in India. Grounded in the fundamental rights of the Indian Constitution, the paper examines key system and societal considerations such as safety, reliability, equality, privacy, and accountability. It serves as an essential roadmap for the Indian AI ecosystem to encourage responsible adoption and build public trust.

This academic paper examines the ethical dimensions of robotics and autonomous systems, discussing concepts such as social acceptance, ethical acceptability, and Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). It highlights the challenges robotics researchers face regarding societal impacts, techno-fixes, environmental sustainability, and safety. The text argues for a transdisciplinary approach to robotics ethics that bridges the gap between public perception and ethical evaluation.

This open access book provides an introductory overview of the ethical, legal, psychological, and social implications of artificial intelligence and robotics. It covers foundational topics such as AI definitions, ethical theories, trust, fairness, responsibility, liability, business risks, privacy, and specific application areas like autonomous vehicles and military uses. Designed as a concise academic resource, it balances multiple perspectives on the benefits and challenges of AI technologies.

Local Law 144 of 2021 prohibits employers and employment agencies in New York City from using automated employment decision tools unless the tool has undergone a bias audit within one year of use, audit information is publicly available, and mandatory notices are provided to candidates or employees. The law is enforced by the New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection.

This academic paper examines civil liability issues related to medical robots and artificial intelligence systems performing medical procedures. It analyzes the distinction between subjective fault-based liability and strict liability under Croatian law, noting the challenges of determining causality and distributed liability among manufacturers, programmers, and medical staff. The authors discuss potential legal reforms, including no-fault compensation schemes and mandatory insurance funds, to ensure fair remedies for patients without stifling technological innovation.

This academic paper proposes a new five-principle code of ethics for robotics, integrating perspectives from engineering, medicine, computing, and human-robot interaction. It examines issues such as physical and mental health safety, product transparency, data protection, predictability for accountability, and ethical board approval. The framework is then applied and evaluated through a case study on transoral robotic surgery.

Egypt's National Artificial Intelligence Strategy outlines a comprehensive framework to integrate AI into government services, foster economic development across key sectors, build human capacity through targeted education and training, and actively engage in international cooperation. Developed by the National Council for Artificial Intelligence, the strategy emphasizes public-private partnerships, ethical AI principles, and the promotion of a local AI industry and startup ecosystem to achieve sustainable development goals.

The Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (EBIA) serves as a guiding framework for the Brazilian state to foster the development and ethical use of artificial intelligence, promote scientific advancement, and solve concrete national problems. It presents an overview of the current status of AI in Brazil and globally, outlines nine key thematic pillars, and proposes a set of strategic actions spanning legislation, governance, international cooperation, education, workforce training, research and development, productive sectors, public administration, and public safety.

This document provides comprehensive guidance from the World Health Organization on the ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health. It outlines six core ethical principles to guide the design and use of AI, including protecting human autonomy, promoting well-being and safety, ensuring transparency, fostering responsibility, ensuring inclusiveness, and promoting sustainability. The guidance also addresses ethical challenges, regulatory considerations, data governance, and liability regimes.

This chapter examines the strategic, economic, and ethical challenges surrounding artificial intelligence and robotics. It reviews how governments and international bodies approach AI strategies, balancing the promise of innovation against societal concerns such as labor displacement, privacy, and ethics. Finally, the text highlights the importance of international cooperation, regulatory models, and ethical design choices in shaping the future of AI.

This chapter explores the ethical implications of affective computing and social robotics, particularly regarding companion robots used in healthcare and assistance for vulnerable populations. It examines technical aspects such as emotion detection, machine learning limitations, anthropomorphism, and the potential use of behavioral nudges by autonomous systems. Ultimately, it advocates for greater transparency, explainability, and the establishment of ethical frameworks and human-centric design to govern human-robot interactions.

This academic article investigates the legal status of humanoid robots and artificial entities in three contemporary novels: Ian McEwan's Machines Like Me, Jeanette Winterson's Frankissstein, and Kazuo Ishiguro's Klara and the Sun. The author examines whether fictional artificial entities are treated as legal objects or legal subjects, and applies the legal concept of homo juridicus to explore what changes in law would be required for robots to attain legal personhood. Finally, the paper reflects on how exploring these themes in literature can provide insights into human attitudes toward the potential rights and legal treatment of future real-life AI.

This document outlines Chile's National Artificial Intelligence Policy, designed to foster AI development, adoption, and ethical governance across the country over a decade. It focuses on three core pillars: enabling factors (talent, infrastructure, and data), development and adoption across industries and the state, and ethics, legal frameworks, and socio-economic impacts. The policy aims to position Chile as a regional leader in Latin America and the Caribbean and surpass OECD averages in key AI indicators by 2031.

This working paper empirically investigates the relationship between labor regulations and the adoption of industrial robots across nineteen Western countries and eight non-service sectors between 2006 and 2016. The authors find that high levels of statutory employment protection are generally negatively associated with robot adoption due to increased adjustment costs. However, this correlation is positively mediated by sectoral capital intensity, suggesting firms also use robots as substitutes for labor to reduce workers' bargaining power and hold-up risks.

This academic commentary discusses the ethical, relational, and philosophical implications of using sex robots for older adults and individuals with diminished autonomy. The authors analyze existing arguments regarding sexual ageism, the coital imperative, and whether human-robot sexual interaction can genuinely fulfill human emotional and relational needs. Ultimately, the paper questions whether focusing on sex robots inadvertently reinforces ageist assumptions about sexual function and stamina.

This document is the annex to the Austrian Federal Government's Artificial Intelligence Mission 2030 (AIM AT 2030), focusing on specific AI application fields and sectors. It outlines how artificial intelligence can act as a tool for climate protection, digitized energy systems, sustainable mobility, manufacturing, agriculture, space applications, smart cities, the construction sector, health, creative industries, and education. The strategy emphasizes human-centric, trustworthy AI that respects fundamental rights and privacy under the GDPR.

This study supports the Impact Assessment of the European Commission's proposed Regulation on a European approach to Artificial Intelligence. It provides a comprehensive overview of evidence and risk assessments regarding AI harms to fundamental rights and safety, analyzes emerging national regulatory frameworks, and evaluates the results of public consultations on the AI White Paper. Additionally, the report estimates the compliance costs and administrative burdens generated by the proposed AI Regulation.

This study provides a systematic literature review on trustworthy artificial intelligence and robotics (AIR) and their implications for the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. It identifies four main trust dimensions—Transparency and Interpretability, Reliability and Safety, Performance and Robustness, and Privacy and Security—and links them to existing and potential AEC applications. Finally, the paper outlines major future research directions to enhance technology adoption and build trust in AIR systems within the construction sector.

This book explores the legal and regulatory challenges posed by artificial intelligence and robotics, examining the limits of existing legal frameworks. It questions whether current laws are adequate to govern autonomous technologies or if new legal mechanisms are necessary. The author analyzes key issues surrounding accountability, liability, and the personhood of intelligent machines.

The Policy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Poland from 2020 outlines strategic objectives and actions across six areas: society, innovative companies, science, education, international cooperation, and the public sector. It establishes a multi-term framework (short-term until 2023, medium-term until 2027, and long-term goals) designed to foster economic growth, support human-centric and trustworthy AI, and build Poland's position as an AI leader. The policy is structured around key foundational elements including data, knowledge and competencies, funding, and infrastructure.

This resolution of the Council of Ministers establishes the "Policy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence in Poland from 2020 onwards." It sets out short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals and implementation tools across six key areas: society, innovative businesses, science, education, international cooperation, and the public sector. The policy aims to support the development of Poland's economy, society, and science through trustworthy, human-centric AI while protecting human dignity and fundamental rights.

This action plan outlines Beijing's strategy from 2019 to 2022 to foster and develop a '4+1' robotics industrial pattern focused on healthcare, special-purpose, collaborative, and warehouse & logistics robots, along with essential components. It details priority tasks including technological innovation, industrial collaboration across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, application market expansion, and various guarantee measures such as financial support and talent cultivation.

Executive Order 13960 establishes a set of principles for the use of artificial intelligence in the Federal Government, aiming to promote trustworthiness, transparency, and respect for American values while protecting privacy and civil liberties. It directs federal agencies to inventory their non-classified AI use cases, develop implementation plans, and align with upcoming policy guidance from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The order excludes national security systems and defense applications, which are governed by separate ethical frameworks.

This executive order establishes principles for the use of artificial intelligence in the federal government for purposes other than national security and defense. It mandates federal agencies to adhere to principles such as lawfulness, performance-driven design, safety, security, transparency, and accountability when using AI. Additionally, the order requires agencies to inventory non-classified and non-sensitive AI use cases and develop plans to achieve consistency with the specified principles.

This document is the 2020 update to the Artificial Intelligence Strategy of the German Federal Government, originally adopted in November 2018. It outlines strategic priorities across technical expertise, research, transfer and application, the regulatory framework, and society, backed by an increased investment of 5 billion euros through 2025. The update places special emphasis on pandemic control, environmental and climate protection, sustainability, and European and international networking.

The Concept for the development of artificial intelligence in Bulgaria until 2030 sets out policy initiatives for the development and use of AI in Bulgaria for the period 2020-2030. Developed by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and finalised by the Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications, the strategy addresses human capital, research and innovation, infrastructure, societal trust, and regulatory frameworks. Priority sectors for AI adoption include smart agriculture, health care, and public administration.

This conference abstract examines the policy and privacy considerations regarding the deployment of therapeutic and social care robots for dementia and Alzheimer's patients. It highlights how robots equipped with AI and monitoring sensors collect sensitive personal and environmental data to assist clinical staff. Furthermore, it analyzes these monitoring and task-shifting practices in relation to data protection requirements under the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

This academic article examines whether the European Union should develop a criminal law framework to regulate artificial intelligence and robotics. The authors analyze intersections between AI and criminal law across 'areas of cooperation' (such as AI-assisted policing, risk assessment, and interrogation) and 'areas of collision' (such as autonomous vehicles, robotic surgery, autonomous weapons, and algorithmic financial crime). They argue that criminal law is facing its third revolution and propose that the EU should establish supranational standards, expand Article 83 TFEU, and mandate targeted criminal liability and special abstract danger offenses at the national level.

This academic article analyzes the global media performances and citizenship claims surrounding Hanson Robotics' humanoid robot Sophia through the lens of 'political choreography.' The authors argue that the robot functions primarily as a mediator and public relations tool to boost venture investments and promote commercial interests in the social robotics and AI market, rather than representing genuine artificial general intelligence or actual citizen rights. By combining actor-network theory and phenomenology, the paper critiques the claims made about the robot's intelligence and embodied cognition.

This academic article analyzes how robots and artificial intelligence are represented in literature, science fiction, and mythology, tracing the etymology of terms such as mechanism, android, automaton, and robota. The author argues that fictional representations of robots inherently carry tragic or burdensome ethical roles that inevitably lead to misfortune for humanity. Consequently, the paper asserts that to build practical and realistic robotics ethics, researchers must intentionally ignore fictional tropes, such as Asimov's three laws of robotics, and reexamine the relationship between humans and artificial agents.

The National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (ENIA) of Spain outlines a comprehensive framework for the 2020-2025 period to position the country as a leader in AI research, development, and innovation. It establishes six strategic axes covering scientific excellence, digital capabilities and talent, data platforms and technological infrastructure, integration into economic value chains, public sector adoption, and an ethical and regulatory framework protecting fundamental rights. Supported by an initial public investment of 600 million euros, the strategy emphasizes human-centric AI, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and the global promotion of the Spanish language.

The National Artificial Intelligence Strategy (ENIA) of Spain outlines a comprehensive framework for the 2020-2025 period to position the country as a leader in AI research, development, and innovation. It establishes six strategic axes covering scientific excellence, digital talent development, data platforms and technological infrastructures, economic integration, public sector application, and ethical/regulatory frameworks. The strategy emphasizes human-centric AI, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and the global promotion of the Spanish language in digital technologies.

The National Artificial Intelligence Strategy sets out Spain's roadmap for 2020-2025 to foster scientific excellence, develop national digital capabilities and talent, build robust data and technological infrastructures, and integrate AI into productive value chains and public administration. It establishes a human-centric, ethical, and rights-based framework aligned with European Union guidelines to guarantee social inclusion and sustainability. The strategy is structured around six strategic action axes and supported by public investment and public-private collaboration.

This academic paper examines the moral standing of social robots through the lens of a relational, embodied, and performance-oriented interpretation of virtue ethics. Drawing on the works of MacIntyre and Bourdieu, the author argues that abusive behaviors toward social robots are ethically problematic because they reflect and shape the moral character and habits of humans within a wider social-practical context. The paper concludes that evaluating human-robot interactions requires examining social practices, bodily performances, and habituation rather than solely focusing on the intrinsic properties of robots.

This academic paper examines the trends in military and civil robot applications and analyzes the resulting ethical challenges, such as accident liability, autonomous decision-making, and military destruction. It argues for proactive ethical design, legal regulation, and international cooperation to ensure robots benefit humanity safely. The author emphasizes that a collaborative effort among governments, society, and individuals is necessary to maintain human subjectivity and manage the risks of robotic technologies.